Development and validation of analytical methods by HPLC for quality control of avermectins and milbemycins in bulk samples

This work aims to develop analytical methods using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) for analysis and quantification of avermectins (AVMs) and milbemycins (MBMs) in bulk samples. First, the methods were optimized and some parameters such as temperature, flow rate, injection volume and mobile phase with different proportions of solvents were evaluated. The best chromatographic conditions were obtained using the Phenomenex® C18 (150 × 4.60 mm, 5 µm) column at a temperature of 20 °C, flow rate of 1.2 mL min-1, injection volume of 20 µL, and detection at 250 nm. Acetonitrile: ultrapure water (87: 13, v/v) was used as mobile phase for moxidectin and eprinomectin, and acetonitrile: methanol: ultrapure water (53: 35: 12, v/v/v) for abamectin and ivermectin. Under these conditions satisfactory results were obtained, with appropriate limits of detection and quantification, acceptable linearity, precision, accuracy, and robustness. These methods satisfy the need for analytical methods for the multi-determination of MBMs and the B1a and B1b forms of AVMs by HPLC-DAD, which can be considered simple, effective, innovative and should aid in the development of the fiel

Factors associated with the occurrence of adverse events to antiretroviral therapy in adults and elderly living with HIV

Objectives: This study identifies the factors associated with the occurrence of adverse events in adults and elderly on antiretroviral therapy. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out with adults and elderly patients, attended by the Specialized Assistance Service between September 2016 and August 2017. Adverse events were measured through self-reports collected in interviews, information collected in medical records, and changes identified in laboratory tests, with the degree of causality being assessed using the Naranjo Algorithm. Univariate analysis, with results expressed as odds ratio (OR) and their respective confidence intervals (CI 95%), was performed to estimate the association between sociodemographic, pharmacotherapeutic, and clinical characteristics (explanatory variables) with the occurrence of four or more adverse events to antiretroviral therapy (response variable). For multivariate analysis, multiple logistic regression was considered in order to verify the permanence or absence of associations previously found in the univariate analysis. Results: Prevalence of adverse events to antiretroviral therapy was 92.6%, with the median of adverse events being four (IQR 25%: 2 ; IQR 75%: 5) and two (IQR 25%: 2 ; IQR 75%: 4), respectively, among adults and elderly (p <0.05). Additionally, 340 adverse events were identified, among which nightmares (15.0%) and vertigo (13.5%) were the most frequent. Most of the adverse events identified were classified as possible (96.2% / n = 327). In the initial univariate analysis, factors such receipt of guidance on adverse events and age were associated with a higher occurrence of adverse events to antiretroviral therapy. Contrary to expectations, the elderly were considered less susceptible to have adverse events when compared to adults (OR = 0.363; CI 95% = 0.164-0.801). However, the final multivariate analysis model revealed "receipt of guidance on adverse events" as the only variable significantly associated with the presence of four or more adverse events to antiretroviral therapy (OR = 4.183 ; CI 95% = 1.775-9.855). Conclusions: Results suggest difference in perception of adverse events between patients who received and those who did not receive guidance in this regard, which indicates the importance of health professionals to provide specific information to their patients regarding adverse events to antiretroviral therapy. Thus the patient can understand the effects generated by the treatment and inform these professionals for the notification of adverse events, in order to improve pharmacovigilance actions and promote patient safety.

Risco ambiental da aplicação de éteres de difenilas polibromadas como retardantes de chama / Environmental risks involved with the application of polybrominated diphenyl ethers as flame retardants

Flame retardants are additives of combustible materials, such as plastics, textile, electronic circuitry, wood and paper providing resistance to the combustion process when exposed to fire and high temperature. The main flame retardants used are inorganic chemicals (such as antimony oxides), organic phosphate esters with or without halogens, and chlorinated and brominated organic compounds. The brominated flame retardants (BFRs) are largely used due to its efficiency and low cost. The most used flame retardants are the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), produced inlarge-scale whose degradation is very difficult. Thus, they have been found in many different environmental samples. These observations suggest the current destination of these substances is still devoid of recycling or specific treatment. Despite the increased application in oil polymers, little is known about its impact upon the ecosystem. In this review, we provide an overview about the use and risks related to PBDEs as a recognized toxicants found in industries.

Os retardantes de chama, dentre os quais se destacam os éteres de difenilas polibromadas, são aditivos de materiais destinados a torná-los resistentes ao fogo ou a altas temperaturas, inibindo ou suprimindo o processo de combustão, dentre os quais se destacam os éteres de difenilas polibromadas (PBDEs, do inglês, polibromated diphenyl ethers). Devido a sua produção em grande escala e sua difícil degradação, os PBDEs têm sido um contaminante emergente frequentemente encontrados em diferentes amostras ambientais, demonstrando que o processo produtivo, em especial o destino desse material, requer medidas estratégicas que racionalize seu uso. Apesar da ampla utilização desses aditivos em polímeros (na maioria derivados de petróleo) e tecidos inflamáveis comumente utilizados, pouco se sabe a respeito do impacto dessas substâncias sobre o ecossistema. Nessa revisão, uma relação consistente a respeito do risco ambiental resultante do uso indiscriminado desses aditivos, ainda carentes de regulamentação específica, foi estabelecida com base na ação desses compostos bem como a prevalência de algumas classes, reconhecidamente tóxicas em alguns ambientes.